Proctology
lexicon
A
Anal fissure - is a longitudinal axial defect of rectal mucous membrane, having well-defined edges and bottom. The fissure is always found near the rectal opening, along the posterior wall. The crack length is about 1 sm. The crack causes a strong pain during or after defecations, an anal sphincter spasm and bleeding. In chronic cases the edges of the wound become denser and thicker, hampering the progress of healing. Inflammatory nidi spread infection, giving thus rise to severe complications - fistulas, paraproctites (supurative inflammations of soft tissues around the rectum), malignization.
Anococcygeal pain syndrome - pains in the sacrococcygeal region and the anal/rectal region. The causes of a. p. s. are not altogether known. Pathology of the nervous apparatus of the sacrococcygeal plexus, as well as consequences of an acute or chronic trauma, followed by a fibrous process in the pelvic cells, complicated by myositis or muscular contraction, definitely plays a role. The pains may have a marked character, last for years; sometimes they irradiate into the perineum, buttocks or thighs. To be cured effectively, anococcygeal pains need a systemic approach.
C
Chronic large intestine stasis - is a dystonia (diminution or absence of tonus) of the large intestine. The disease manifests itself in deceleration of advance of bowel contents, up to a total stop, causing heaviness in the stomach, quick fatigue, petulance, shortness of breath and growing intoxication. The stool is obstructed or impossible, defecation urges may result in excreting phlegm. Against the background of stasis inflamed large intestine walls undergo changes; chronic inflammatory processes cause ulceration.
Chronic proctitis, proctosigmoiditis - a chronic disease of rectum and sigmoid colon. Chronic proctitis is either a result of an uncured acute disease, or it has a specific nature - tuberculous, syphilitic, gonorrheal, helminthic etc. Clinical presentations include periodic uncomfortable sensations in the rectum, a feeling of incomplete emptying, periodic exacerbations, accompanied by frequent phlegm-streaked or blood-streaked stool and painful urges to defecate. Chronic inflammatory processes may ulcerate the mucous membrane of the intestine or produce fistulas.
Constipation - slow, obstructed or systematically inadequate bowel emptying that happens less frequently than once in 48-72 hours. Normal bowel emptying happens from once in two days up to 2 times a day at most. Constipation's causes are numerous, among the complications body intoxication, colites (inflammatory processes on the intestines' mucous membranes, atony and paresis of large intestines can be mentioned.
Cryptitis - an inflammation of Morgagni's crypt (a cavern in the rectum), causing pains in the anus (the pains tend to increase during defecation), blood dashes in the stool, unpleasant sensations and itching in the anus. Uncured inflammation can spread over vast intestinal areas and cause sphincteric proctitis.
H
Hemorrhoids - a most widespread proctologic disease, a broadening of the natural vesicular cavernous bodies and cavernous veins, located in the ultimate section of the rectum. H. are accompanied by pain syndrome, hemorrhoidal bleeding and prolapsed piles. In typical cases minor bleeding starts during or immediately after defecation (voiding the intestines). The excreted blood is normally scarlet, though excretion of dark color, sometimes with grumes, is also probable. Regular blood losses evoke anemia soon. Pile prolapse develops gradually. It appears initially in straining, weight lifting, coughing and sneezing. The piles can be easily reset at first; at further stages they remain outside the anal canal all the time. At any stage pile trombosis and necrosis, with the development of a heavy clinical picture, are a real threat.
I
Irritated large intestine syndrome - a periodically worsening and constantly disordering disease of large intestines, causing superhuman pains to the patients, paroxysms of pain - burning, sharp, unbearable - in the stomach being its main characteristic feature. The stool is shaped at the beginning; at the end of defecation it is thin, then defecations happen 4-8 times a day, mostly in the morning. The large intestine is emptied entirely, so the last urges may finish in excreting liquid foamy bowel contents, with dashes of phlegm. From paroxysm to paroxysm the stool is sometimes perfectly normal, or constipation, accompanied by an abdominal swelling and an excessive passage of gases, is observed.
P
Papillitis - enlargement/inflammation of anal papillas. The clinical picture includes periodically appearing or permanent pains in the anus, commonly present in cases of frequent liquid stool or protracted defecation. The feeling of a foreign substance in the anus is typical for the clinical picture, as well as the feeling of incomplete bowel emptying, or bleeding when the papillas are injured. Constant painful feelings in the anus provoke sphincter spasms and an expansion of the inflammatory process over the anal canal walls.
Perianal itch - a pathological state, characterized by persistent itching in regio analis. The malady has a persistent character, being either primary (real) or secondary, when concomitant to hemorrhoids, anal fissures, helminthic invasions, inflammations of sigmoid colon or rectum, constipations, diarrheas, inflammations of genitals, mycotic skin lesions and other diseases. Besides that, perianal itch might be an early symptom of latent diabetes. Acute itching begins suddenly; the skin is affected by the hypertrophy of perianal folds and scratching. In chronic cases the malady onset is slow, the skin is dry and thinned, the scratches look like thin grazes. Perianal itch is always fraught with a threat of developing perianal suppurative inflammatory processes and inflammatory alterations in sigmoid colon or rectum.
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